It’s one of the most common questions gardeners ask this time of year.
“My vegetable garden looks great. The plants are healthy. They’re blooming everywhere. But I’m not getting any vegetables.”
Usually, people immediately assume something is wrong. They blame disease, drought stress, poor seed, bad transplants, or fertilizer problems. Some decide they simply need to fertilize more.
But in many cases, the real issue is much simpler.
Poor pollination.
Before we get into the crops that require pollination, let’s clarify something important. Not every garden plant depends on pollination for the part we eat.
Leafy greens like lettuce, spinach, and cabbage do not require pollination for harvest. Neither do underground crops such as potatoes, onions, carrots, radishes, or turnips. In those cases, the leaf, stem, bulb, or root is what we eat—not the fruit produced after pollination.
But once we start talking about tomatoes, peppers, okra, corn, beans, cucumbers, watermelons, and cantaloupes, pollination becomes critically important.
And different vegetables are pollinated in very different ways.
Tomatoes are mostly self-pollinated, but they still need help. The pollen must be shaken loose inside the flower, which is why vibration matters. Bumblebees are excellent tomato pollinators because they “buzz pollinate” by vibrating the flower. Wind movement can help too. Surprisingly, honeybees are not especially effective on tomatoes because the pollen is held tightly inside the bloom.
Peppers are similar to tomatoes. Bumblebees and other native bees are quite helpful as their physical buzzing helps. Honeybees can help somewhat, but larger native bees and bumblebees are much more effective at shaking pollen loose inside the flower.
Okra depends much more heavily on insects. Its flowers resemble hibiscus blooms and attract honeybees, bumblebees, and many native bees. Without insect activity, production drops quickly.
Sweet corn is completely different. Corn relies almost entirely on wind pollination. Pollen falls from the tassels at the top of the plant down onto the silks developing on the ears. If pollination is poor, you’ll see ears with missing kernels or poorly filled-out tips.
Beans, including snap beans and lima beans, are mostly self-pollinated. In many cases, pollination happens before the flowers even open. However, bee activity can still improve production.
Then there are cucumbers, watermelons, cantaloupes, squash, and pumpkins. These crops are highly dependent on bees and other pollinating insects. Honeybees, bumblebees, squash bees, and many native pollinators play a major role in getting fruit to develop properly.
Poor pollination in these crops often leads to misshapen fruit, small fruit that aborts early, or blooms that simply fall off without producing anything.
Unfortunately, many gardeners unknowingly reduce pollinator activity around their own gardens.
Spraying insecticides during the daytime when bees are active can reduce pollination dramatically. Even organic products can harm pollinators if applied improperly. An organic insecticide is still an insecticide. A better approach is to spray only when absolutely necessary and apply products late in the evening when bees are less active.
Plant diversity also matters. Gardens surrounded by flowering plants tend to attract and hold more pollinators than gardens sitting alone in closely mowed turfgrass.
And sometimes, the solution is simply patience.
Extremely hot weather, excessive rainfall, cloudy conditions, or unusually cool nights can temporarily reduce pollinator activity and fruit set even when plants appear perfectly healthy.
The next time your garden is full of blooms but short on vegetables, don’t immediately assume the plants are failing.
Sometimes the problem isn’t the plant at all. It’s that the pollinators never had a chance to do their job.
Healthy gardens depend on healthy pollinator activity. And sometimes the best thing a gardener can do is simply avoid getting in their way.
Cary Sims is the County Extension Agent for agriculture and natural resources for Angelina County. His email address is cw-sims@tamu.edu
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By Cary Sims, Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Angelina County
